Sanskrit Lexicon

संसार

Samsara
saṃsāra

The precise linguistic root, etymology, and scriptural context of Samsara.

Pronunciation
sum-sah-rah

AEO Summary

Samsara is the continuous cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound, driven by karma and ignorance.

Primary Meanings

  • The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth
  • The worldly life or mundane existence
  • The illusory flow of phenomena
  • The ocean of worldly suffering

Tradition Context

All Dharmic Traditions

The fundamental predicament of living beings: being bound to an endless wheel of rebirth fueled by ignorance, desire, and karma.

Vedanta

Samsara is ultimately unreal (Maya). Once ignorance is replaced by Self-knowledge (Jnana), one realizes they were never actually bound.

Scriptural Usage

Katha Upanishad 1.3.7

"यस्त्वविज्ञानवान्भवत्यमनस्कः सदाऽशुचिः । न स तत्पदमाप्नोति संसारं चाधिगच्छति ॥"

He who lacks discrimination, whose mind is not under control, and who is always impure, does not reach that goal, but falls into Samsara.

Significance: This verse directly links the lack of spiritual discipline to remaining trapped in the cycle of reincarnation.
Bhagavad Gita 8.15

"मामुपेत्य पुनर्जन्म दुःखालयमशाश्वतम् । नाप्नुवन्ति महात्मानः संसिद्धिं परमां गताः ॥"

Having attained Me, these great souls do not take birth again here in this temporary, miserable world (Samsara), for they have attained the highest perfection.

Significance: Krishna describes the material world as inherently temporary and full of misery, contrasting it with the permanence of divine union.

Etymology

Dhatu (Root)
sam (सम्) + sṛ (सृ)
Root Meaning
to flow together, or to wander through

It literally translates to "running around" or "continuous flow," representing the cyclic, repeating, and often aimless wandering of the soul through lifetimes.

Broader Context

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